Power is the amount of energy transferred per unit time. Distance refers to the length of space between two points. Force is the interaction that changes the motion of the objects. It is a vector quantity holding both magnitude and direction.

1. What Is Force For Kids
2. Distant Force Definition
3. Definition Of Forces In Physics

In physics, action at a distance is the concept that an object can be moved, changed, or otherwise affected without being physically touched (as in mechanical contact) by another object. That is, it is the non-local interaction of objects that are separated in space.

This term was used most often in the context of early theories of gravity and electromagnetism to describe how an object responds to the influence of distant objects. For example, Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are such early theories.

The inverse relationship between the force of gravity and the distance between two objects is based on the square of that distance. This means that if the distance is doubled, the gravitational force is decreased by a factor of 4. This is because the square of 2 is 2 x 2, which equals 4. You cannot use force and distance alone, however; since kinetic energy relies on mass, you must determine the mass of the moving object as well. Weigh the object on the mass balance. If the balance uses grams, divide the mass by 1,000 to convert to kilograms. Transmission for 2004 ford f150. If you're throwing hard for maximum distance, reach for the high performance Force.™ This is Discraft's fastest overstable driver, with a wide rim and jaw-dropping glide that delivers a new level of distance potential. It's intended for experienced players who throw with power.

More generally 'action at a distance' describes the failure of early atomistic and mechanistic theories which sought to reduce all physical interaction to collision. The exploration and resolution of this problematic phenomenon led to significant developments in physics, from the concept of a field, to descriptions of quantum entanglement and the mediator particles of the Standard Model.^[1]

Electricity and magnetism[edit]

Philosopher William of Ockham discussed action at a distance to explain magnetism and the ability of the Sun to heat the Earth's atmosphere without affecting the intervening space.^[2]

Efforts to account for action at a distance in the theory of electromagnetism led to the development of the concept of a field which mediated interactions between currents and charges across empty space. According to field theory, we account for the Coulomb (electrostatic) interaction between charged particles through the fact that charges produce around themselves an electric field, which can be felt by other charges as a force. Maxwell directly addressed the subject of action-at-a-distance in chapter 23 of his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873.^[3] He began by reviewing the explanation of Ampère's formula given by Gauss and Weber. On page 437 he indicates the physicists' disgust with action at a distance. In 1845 Gauss wrote to Weber desiring 'action, not instantaneous, but propagated in time in a similar manner to that of light'. This aspiration was developed by Maxwell with the theory of an electromagnetic field described by Maxwell's equations, which used the field to elegantly account for all electromagnetic interactions, now also including light (which, until then, had only been suspected as a related phenomenon). In Maxwell's theory, the field is its own physical entity, carrying momenta and energy across space, and action-at-a-distance is only the apparent effect of local interactions of charges with their surrounding field.

Electrodynamics was later described without fields (in Minkowski space) as the direct interaction of particles with lightlike separation vectors.^[dubious] This resulted in the Fokker-Tetrode-Schwarzschild action integral. This kind of electrodynamic theory is often called 'direct interaction' to distinguish it from field theories where action at a distance is mediated by a localized field (localized in the sense that its dynamics are determined by the nearby field parameters).^[4] This description of electrodynamics, in contrast with Maxwell's theory, explains apparent action at a distance not by postulating a mediating entity (a field) but by appealing to the natural geometry of special relativity.

Direct interaction electrodynamics is explicitly symmetrical in time and avoids the infinite energy predicted in the field immediately surrounding point particles. Feynman and Wheeler have shown that it can account for radiation and radiative damping (which had been considered strong evidence for the independent existence of the field). However, various proofs, beginning with that of Dirac, have shown that direct interaction theories (under reasonable assumptions) do not admit Lagrangian or Hamiltonian formulations (these are the so-called No Interaction Theorems). Also significant is the measurement and theoretical description of the Lamb shift which strongly suggests that charged particles interact with their own field. Fields, because of these and other difficulties, have been elevated to the fundamental operators in Quantum Field Theory and Modern physics has thus largely abandoned direct interaction theory.

Gravity[edit]

Newton[edit]

Newton's classical theory of gravity offered no prospect of identifying any mediator of gravitational interaction. His theory assumed that gravitation acts instantaneously, regardless of distance. Kepler's observations gave strong evidence that in planetary motion angular momentum is conserved. (The mathematical proof is valid only in the case of a Euclidean geometry.) Gravity is also known as a force of attraction between two objects because of their mass.

From a Newtonian perspective, action at a distance can be regarded as 'a phenomenon in which a change in intrinsic properties of one system induces a change in the intrinsic properties of a distant system, independently of the influence of any other systems on the distant system, and without there being a process that carries this influence contiguously in space and time' (Berkovitz 2008).^[5]

A related question, raised by Ernst Mach, was how rotating bodies know how much to bulge at the equator. This, it seems, requires an action-at-a-distance from distant matter, informing the rotating object about the state of the universe. Einstein coined the term Mach's principle for this question.

It is inconceivable that inanimate Matter should, without the Mediation of something else, which is not material, operate upon, and affect other matter without mutual Contact…That Gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to Matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance thro' a Vacuum, without the Mediation of any thing else, by and through which their Action and Force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an Absurdity that I believe no Man who has in philosophical Matters a competent Faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an Agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this Agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the Consideration of my readers.^[5]

Different authors have attempted to clarify the aspects of remote action and God’s involvement on the basis of textual investigations,^[6] mainly from the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,^[7] Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley (1692/93),^[8] and Queries that Newton introduced at the end of the Opticks book in the first three editions (between 1704 and 1721).^[9]

Andrew Janiak, in Newton as philosopher,^[10] considered that Newton denied that gravity could be essential to matter, dismissed direct action at a distance, and also rejected the idea of a material substance. But Newton agreed, in Janiak’s view, with an immaterial ether, which he considered that Newton identifies himself with God himself: “Newton obviously thinks that God might be the very “immaterial medium” underlying all gravitational interactions among material bodies.”

Steffen Ducheyne, in Newton on Action at a Distance,^[11] considered that Newton never accepted direct remote action, only material intervention or immaterial substance.

Hylarie Kochiras, in Gravity and Newton’s substance counting problem,^[12] argued that Newton was inclined to reject direct action, giving priority to the hypothesis of an intangible environment. But, in his speculative moments, Newton oscillated between accepting and rejecting direct remote action. Newton, according to Kochiras, claims that God is a virtual omnipresent, the force/agent must subsist in substance, and God is omnipresent substantially, resulting in a hidden premise, the principle of local action.

Eric Schliesser, in Newton’s substance monism, distant action, and the nature of Newton’s Empiricism,^[13] argued that Newton does not categorically refuse the idea that matter is active, and therefore accepted the possibility of a direct action at a distance. Newton affirms the virtual omnipresence of God in addition to his substantial omnipresence.

John Henry, in Gravity and De gravitatione: The Development of Newton’s Ideas on Action at a Distance,^[14] also argued that direct remote action was not inconceivable for Newton, rejecting the idea that gravity can be explained by subtle matter, accepting the idea of an omnipotent God, and rejecting the Epicurean attraction.

For further discussion see Ducheyne, S. 'Newton on Action at a Distance'. Journal of the History of Philosophy vol. 52.4 (2014): 675–702.

Einstein[edit]

According to Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, instantaneous action at a distance violates the relativistic upper limit on speed of propagation of information. If one of the interacting objects were to suddenly be displaced from its position, the other object would feel its influence instantaneously, meaning information had been transmitted faster than the speed of light.^{[citation needed]}

One of the conditions that a relativistic theory of gravitation must meet is that gravity is mediated with a speed that does not exceed c, the speed of light in a vacuum. From the previous success of electrodynamics, it was foreseeable that the relativistic theory of gravitation would have to use the concept of a field, or something similar.^{[citation needed]}

This has been achieved by Einstein's theory of general relativity, in which gravitational interaction is mediated by deformation of space-time geometry. Matter warps the geometry of space-time, and these effects are—as with electric and magnetic fields—propagated at the speed of light. Thus, in the presence of matter, space-time becomes non-Euclidean, resolving the apparent conflict between Newton's proof of the conservation of angular momentum and Einstein's theory of special relativity.^{[citation needed]}

Mach's question regarding the bulging of rotating bodies is resolved because local space-time geometry is informing a rotating body about the rest of the universe. In Newton's theory of motion, space acts on objects, but is not acted upon. In Einstein's theory of motion, matter acts upon space-time geometry, deforming it; and space-time geometry acts upon matter, by affecting the behavior of geodesics.^{[citation needed]}

As a consequence, and unlike the classical theory, general relativity predicts that accelerating masses emit gravitational waves, i.e. disturbances in the curvature of spacetime that propagate outward at lightspeed. Their existence (like many other aspects of relativity) has been experimentally confirmed by astronomers—most dramatically in the direct detection of gravitational waves originating from a black hole merger when they passed through LIGO in 2015.^[15]

Quantum mechanics[edit]

Since the early twentieth century, quantum mechanics has posed new challenges for the view that physical processes should obey locality. Whether quantum entanglement counts as action-at-a-distance hinges on the nature of the wave function and decoherence, issues over which there is still considerable debate among scientists and philosophers.

One important line of debate originated with Einstein, who challenged the idea that quantum mechanics offers a complete description of reality, along with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen. They proposed a thought experiment involving an entangled pair of observables with non-commuting operators (e.g. position and momentum).^[16]

What Is Force For Kids

This thought experiment, which came to be known as the EPR paradox, hinges on the principle of locality. A common presentation of the paradox is as follows: two particles interact and fly off in opposite directions. Even when the particles are so far apart that any classical interaction would be impossible (see principle of locality), a measurement of one particle nonetheless determines the corresponding result of a measurement of the other.

After the EPR paper, several scientists such as de Broglie studied local hidden variables theories. In the 1960s John Bell derived an inequality that indicated a testable difference between the predictions of quantum mechanics and local hidden variables theories.^[17] To date, all experiments testing Bell-type inequalities in situations analogous to the EPR thought experiment have results consistent with the predictions of quantum mechanics, suggesting that local hidden variables theories can be ruled out. Whether or not this is interpreted as evidence for nonlocality depends on one's interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Distant Force Definition

Non-standard interpretations of quantum mechanics vary in their response to the EPR-type experiments. The Bohm interpretation gives an explanation based on nonlocal hidden variables for the correlations seen in entanglement. Many advocates of the many-worlds interpretation argue that it can explain these correlations in a way that does not require a violation of locality,^[18] by allowing measurements to have non-unique outcomes.

If 'action' is defined as a force, physical work or information, then it should be stated clearly that entanglement cannot communicate action between two entangled particles (Einstein's worry about 'spooky action at a distance' does not actually violate special relativity). What happens in entanglement is that a measurement on one entangled particle yields a random result, then a later measurement on another particle in the same entangled (shared) quantum state must always yield a value correlated with the first measurement. Since no force, work, or information is communicated (the first measurement is random), the speed of light limit does not apply (see Quantum entanglement and Bell test experiments). In the standard Copenhagen interpretation, as discussed above, entanglement demonstrates a genuine nonlocal effect of quantum mechanics, but does not communicate information, either quantum or classical.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA. Text taken from Newton’s action at a distance – Different views, Nicolae Sfetcu,

1. ^Hesse, Mary B. (December 1955). 'Action at a Distance in Classical Physics'. Isis. 46 (4): 337–353. doi:10.1086/348429. JSTOR227576.
2. ^Tachau, Katherine H. Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology, and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250–1345. Brill Archive. p. 133. ISBN9004085521.
3. ^Clerk Maxwell (1873) A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, pages 426–438, link from Internet Archive
4. ^Barut, A. O. 'Electrodynamics and Classical Theory of Fields and Particles'
5. ^ ^abBerkovitz, Joseph (2008). 'Action at a Distance in Quantum Mechanics'. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 ed.).
6. ^'Newton's action at a distance – Different views'. SetThings. 2019-01-12. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
7. ^Isaac Newton (1999) The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Univ of California Press
8. ^Bentley, Richard (1693) A confutation of atheism from the origin and frame of the world. Part II a sermon preached at St. Martin's in the Fields, November the 7th, 1692 : being the seventh of the lecture founded by the Honourable Robert Boyle .. / by Richard Bentley .., Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :: Text Creation Partnership,2007–10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1)
9. ^Isaac Newton (1730) Opticks:: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light, William Innys at the West-End of St. Paul's
10. ^Andrew Janiak (2008) Newton as Philosopher, Cambridge Core, July 2008^{[page needed]}
11. ^Ducheyne, Steffen (March 2011). 'Newton on action at a distance and the cause of gravity'(PDF). Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 42 (1): 154–159. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.003.
12. ^Kochiras, Hylarie (September 2009). 'Gravity and Newton's Substance Counting Problem'. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 40 (3): 267–280. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2009.07.003.
13. ^Schliesser, Eric (March 2011). 'Newton's substance monism, distant action, and the nature of Newton's empiricism: discussion of H. Kochiras 'Gravity and Newton's substance counting problem''. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 42 (1): 160–166. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.004.
14. ^Henry, John (March 2011). 'Gravity and De gravitatione: the development of Newton's ideas on action at a distance'(PDF). Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 42 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.025.
15. ^Chu, Jennifer (11 February 2016). 'Scientists make first direct detection of gravitational waves'. MIT News.
16. ^Einstein, A.; Podolsky, B.; Rosen, N. (1935). 'Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?'(PDF). Physical Review. 47 (10): 777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv..47.777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.
17. ^Bell, John S (1 July 1966). 'On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics'(PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 38 (3): 447–452. Bibcode:1966RvMP..38.447B. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.38.447. OSTI1444158.
18. ^Rubin, Mark A. (2001). 'Locality in the Everett Interpretation of Heisenberg-Picture Quantum Mechanics'. Foundations of Physics Letters. 14 (4): 301–322. arXiv:quant-ph/0103079. Bibcode:2001quant.ph.3079R. doi:10.1023/A:1012357515678. S2CID6916036.

External links[edit]

• Yin, Juan; Cao, Yuan; Yong, Hai-Lin; Ren, Ji-Gang; Liang, Hao; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Zhou, Fei; Liu, Chang; Wu, Yu-Ping; Pan, Ge-Sheng; Zhang, Qiang; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Pan, Jian-Wei (26 June 2013). 'Bounding the speed of 'spooky action at a distance''. Physical Review Letters. 110 (26): 260407. arXiv:1303.0614. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.260407. PMID23848853. S2CID119293698.

DISTANT FORCE A MEMOIR OF THE TELEDYNE CORPORATION PDF

Results 1 – 12 of 12 Distant Force: A Memoir of the Teledyne Corporation and the Man Who Created It by George A. Roberts and a great selection of related. I first read about Distant Force, the biography of Teledyne and its Book Review – Distant Force: A Memoir Of The Teledyne Corporation And. Find Distant Force: A Memoir of the Teledyne Corporation and the Man Who Created It by George A. Roberts.

Gives a decent insight into the workings of Singleton’s mind nonetheless, about how his acquisitions were built on the existing competencies of his businesses, and how he allocated his capital efficiently.

This classification scheme is used by most libraries on campus to determine the shelf order of the books and collocates items by topic. Want to Read saving…. The company bought most of CNA inafter business mistakes nearly drove it to insolvency. And, like many conglomerates, Teledyne used those richly priced shares to acquire less highly valued companies, thus increasing its earnings. Dave rated it it was amazing Oct 31, Gurpreet Narang rated it it was amazing Nov 02, Beyond this judicious purchasing of publicly traded securities, like Teledyne, Loews has also aggressively repurchased its shares, taking advantage of chronic market undervaluation to buy back over two thirds of its shares between and LO was bought in as the first anti-tobacco advertisements began to air, while luxury watchmaker Bulova was purchased in during an oil crisis.

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According to a Fortuna case studyDanaher has traditionally purchased companies that are relative laggards in their fields. In andTeledyne purchased several insurance companies, diversifying the company into the financial industry. As head of Teledyne Corporation, Henry Singleton is probably best known for his share buybacks.

For example, according to the company’s Annual ReportExelis sensors “currently provide all of the commercial high resolution space-based imagery in the United States. Extra voice recorder lite.

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Buffett is well known for using the term “moat” to describe the kind of niche businesses with unshakeable competitive positions that Teledyne acquired. Keywords Keywords Author Title Subjects. In comparison, the company’s net income had a CAGR of On the one hand, this seems to make no sense-Teledyne was spending valuable cash to buy back shares at the same time it was printing new shares to give to stockholders.

Subjects A limited number of items are shown. And yet, Facebook has been noteworthy for one characteristic reminiscent of Teledyne-taking advantage of share overvaluation to maximize value for its owners. Singleton’s goal was to create a source of persistent capital to fuel the company’s future growth.

Definition Of Forces In Physics

That said, one point in the company’s favor is that the company’s largest share repurchases in the past five years occurred inanother year in which the company’s shares saw weakness. Roberts, with Robert J. Another way in which Henry Singleton took advantage of the irrationality of public markets was in his purchase of publicly traded securities when they were undervalued.

As a result, corporate management would always be aware of what was going on, even if it rarely chose to intervene in the decisions of segment presidents. Refresh and try again. Do your own research. Jan 11, Ngee Poo rated it it was ok. The company’s managers have demonstrated skill in not only choosing acquisition targets, but also integrating them into the overall company. That said, it is interesting that two of the most successful investments in history have so much in common, a fact that offers important lessons for investors looking for the next Teledyne or Berkshire Hathaway today.

There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Shortcut help message s Highlight search box esc Close dialog. William Knecht rated it liked it Jul 17, During that time, the company’s stock gave investors Dec 11, Fredric Y.

Roberts first published January Sophie rated it it was amazing Sep 30, If you purchase items through those links, I will receive a small commission, but there will be no additional charge to you. One quote from Distant Force describes Singleton as being unwilling to pay even 12 or 14 mfmoir earnings for an acquisition target. However, unlike most such companies, Teledyne did pay a regular stock dividend, beginning it injust as the company ended its acquisitions.

Book Review – Distant Force: A Memoir Of The Teledyne Corporation And The Man Who Created It

Preview — Distant Force by George A. The writer s of this content may have positions in securities mentioned in this article. In the Globe and Mail article cited above, the company is ninth of ten companies in its reduction in outstanding shares in the past five years. Phillip rated it really liked it Jan 02, WFCholding them, like Teledyne, in insurance subsidiaries. Matt rated it liked it Feb 25, As a result, Teledyne avoided diluting shareholders by using shares to make overpriced acquisitions.

Summary [The] CD contains articles from the Teledyne quarterly and annual reports from through Another method by which Henry Singleton trledyne value was through careful acquisitions. The company’s other acquisitions have also been made during downturns that allowed the company mejoir get a good deal. Because Teledyne now owned several insurance subsidiaries, Singleton was forced to find a method of investing their float.

In this, Danaher is somewhat different from Teledyne, which generally focused tye purchasing companies, which did not need significant improvements after acquisition. McVicker, Teledyne’s staff writer Once you do so, though, you discover teldeyne there were five key factors to this performance-stock buybacks, careful acquisitions, dividends targeted to reward the long-term shareholder, the contrarian ownership of publicly traded securities, and a focus on niche businesses.

Gabriel Raoni rated it really liked it Dec 15, distany This content is meant solely for the entertainment of the reader and its writer s.